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TONGUE MOVEMENTS IN FEEDING AND SPEECH

Institute for Sensory Research, Department of Bioengineering and Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 15244-5290, USA;

Jeffrey B. Palmer

Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21239, USA

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Figure 1. The functional linkages among jaw, hyoid, and tongue movements in feeding and speech. Movement of one element affects that of most others. For simplicity, the Fig. does not include the cheeks and lips, the former having an important role in food management in feeding, and the latter being important articulators in speech.

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Figure 2. Diagrammatic sagittal sections of the oropharyngeal complex. (A) The anatomy of the complex as defined in the Process Model of Feeding. The spaces identified as the oral cavity, oropharynx, and hypopharynx are shown by graded stippling. ATM = anterior tongue marker; PTM = posterior tongue marker; UCM = upper canine marker; LCM = lower canine marker; and UMM = upper molar marker. The supralaryngeal vocal tract, with its vertical (SVTv) and horizontal (SVTh) components, is also shown (heavy dashed lines). (B) Illustration of the coordinate framework for the data shown in Figs. 3 and 4. The X axis is drawn between UCM and UMM markers and parallels the occlusal plane of the upper post-canine teeth, itself reflective of the plane of the hard palate behind the upper incisor alveolus. Movement in that axis is antero-posterior. The Y axis is perpendicular to the X axis, subtended from the upper canine marker (‘0’ point in the grid). Mandibular (LCM) or tongue marker (ATM, PTM) movement in the Y axis is primarily supero-inferior, as is, to a lesser extent, hyoid movement. [For further explanation, see Hiiemae et al.(2002).] Reproduced from Hiiemae et al.(2002), with permission from Pergamon Press.

View larger version (66K): [in a new window]   Figure 3. Time/position records for mandible and hyoid over 10 sec of normal feeding (A) and for a 10-second extract from the same subject reading the entire ‘Grandfather Passage’ (B). The food (A) was chicken salad spread. The movements of each marker (hyoid, lower canine) are plotted over time relative to the upper occlusal plane (see Fig. 2). Jaw and hyoid movements are clearly rhythmic in A, with synchronization between their movements. The movements of the jaw in speaking are much less rhythmic, with low-amplitude oscillations. In contrast, the antero-posterior movements of the hyoid seem to be slow, while its vertical movements are more rapid. The relatively slow vertical movements of the jaw (from most ‘up’ to next most ‘up’) could represent a single ‘cyclicity’ (see text and MacNeilage, 1998). Reproduced from Hiiemae et al.(2002), with permission from Pergamon Press.

View larger version (41K): [in a new window]   Figure 4. Sagittal domain plots for jaw, hyoid, and tongue markers (anterior and posterior) for the same subject: (A) a complete sequence of feeding on cookie (brittle shortbread fingers, 6 g), and (B) reading the Grandfather Passage. Each recording took about 50 sec and included about 1500 to 2000 datapoints. The XY coordinates for each datapoint were then plotted. The sagittal domain for the hyoid (defined by its centroid) is further forward during speaking than during eating. The ranges covered by sagittal domains in feeding are larger than they are for speaking for every structure [see Hiiemae et al.(2002) and this text]. Reproduced from Hiiemae et al.(2002), with permission from Pergamon Press.

View larger version (101K): [in a new window]   Figure 5. Tongue shapes in feeding as presented in Abd El Malek (1955). These drawings were based on still photographic images taken from a single subject. The upper pair of drawings shows the shape of the tongue as food is about to enter the mouth: The anterior tongue surface is hollowed to receive the ‘bite’, and the back is heaped. This shape is seen in VFG records as Stage I Transport is initiated. The bite is cradled in the depression on the tongue surface during ‘pull back’ (see text) until ‘tipped’ onto the occlusal surface of the post-canines by tongue movements analogous to those shown in the lower drawings. The lower pair of drawings illustrates the movements of the tongue as it rotates about its postero-anterior long axis and ‘tips’ the food onto the active side post-canine cheek teeth during processing. This behavior occurs in most chewing cycles, but when the bite is moved to the other side, the rotated tongue ‘collects’ the food and, by twisting in the other direction, ‘tips’ it onto the other post-canine occlusal table. Reproduced from Abd-el-Malek (1995), with permission from Blackwell Publishing.

View larger version (85K): [in a new window]   Figure 6. Examples of tongue shapes developed in the sounding of vowels and consonants. These images are 3D reconstructions from ultrasound slices (see text). The upper left-hand image is a consonant, the upper right a ‘front vowel’. The lower left image shows the shape for another front vowel, and the lower right a ‘back vowel’. The reconstructions are reproduced with permission from Dr. Maureen Stone and were originally published in Stone and Lundberg (1996).

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Figure 7. The movement of the anterior tongue marker (see Fig. 2A) relative to the palate during complete sequences of feeding on soft food (chicken spread, left) and hard food (cookie, right). The tongue surface cycles so that it is traveling upward and forward as the teeth come into full occlusion, then forward and downward in the last stages of the intercuspal phase (as the teeth come out of occlusion) and in the first part of opening. This Fig. shows the progressive palatal (upward) ‘migration’ of the tongue surface cycle as the feeding sequence proceeds. The pattern of that migration differs between hard and soft foods. From Palmer et al.(1997), with permission from Pergamon Press.

View larger version (50K): [in a new window]   Figure 8. A model of the intrinsic structure of the tongue based on Takemoto (2001). Layer 1 is the mucous membrane (gustatory on the upper surface) ensheathing the tongue. Layer 2, which also invests the body of the tongue, includes the important superior longitudinal (SL) muscles. Fibers from the genioglossus and verticalis interweave with the SL fibers. Layer 3 is the body of the tongue. It consists of the interleaved laminae of the transversus (T) and verticalis (V), with contributions from the genioglossus (GG). Layer 4 shows fibers of GG medially, with the fibers of the inferior longitudinalis evident laterally. Layer 5 shows the ‘genioglossus’ layer. This midline paired muscle plays a major role in determining global tongue position and tongue surface shape. Reproduced with permission from Professor Takemoto and the Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research.